Reference page for
They Knew
This is a Companion site to They Knew: The US Federal
Government’s Fifty-Year Role in Causing the Climate Crisis
By James Gustave Speth
In 2018, Gus Speth prepared much of the text for They Knew as his Expert Report for the children’s constitutional climate lawsuit, Juliana v. United States. As is often the case in federal court litigation, his Expert Report referred to exhibits that were to be used at trial in the Juliana litigation consisting mainly, but not entirely, of government documents stretching from Presidents Johnson through Trump. Select exhibits and other documents cited in They Knew can be accessed on this page, organized by chapter.
“Defendants’ actions on the national energy system over the past several decades are, in my view, the greatest dereliction of civic responsibility in the history of the Republic. And it is worse today than ever. This shocking historical conduct, government malfeasance on a grand scale, has left current and future generations enormously vulnerable to substantial danger.” —Gus Speth, They Knew
the speth expert report for
juliana v united states
The Speth Expert Report for
Juliana v. United States
1. Climate Science Knowledge the Carter Administration Inherited
2. Jimmy Carter Administration (1977–1981)
3. Ronald Reagan Administration (1981–1989)
4. George H. W. Bush Administration (1989–1993)
5. William J. Clinton Administration (1993–2001)
6. George W. Bush Administration (2001–2009)
7. Barack Obama Administration (2009–2017)
8. Donald J. Trump Administration (2017–2020)
9. Conclusion
Chapter 1
CLIMATE SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION INHERETED
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: The First Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality together with the President’s Message to Congress. Washington, DC, August 1970.
David, Edward E., Jr. Memorandum for Peter Flanigan. October 20, 1970.
DuBridge, Lee. Memorandum to John Ehrlichman, Recommendation to Pursue Non-conventional Vehicle Development. December 19, 1969.
Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, Pub. L. 94–163, 89 Stat. 871.
Hammel, Edward F. “Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Energy-Related History, Research, Managerial Reorganization Proposals, Actions Taken, and Results, 1945–1979.” March 1997.
Monroe, Rob. “The History of the Keeling Curve.” April 3, 2013.
Moynihan, Daniel P. Memorandum to John Ehrlichman. September 17, 1969.
National Science Foundation, Report on International Geophysical Year, Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. 85th Congress. May 1, 1957.
National Science Foundation. Weather and Climate Modification: Report of the Special Commission on Weather Modification. 1965.
Nixon, Richard. Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union. January 22, 1970.
Nixon, Richard. Letter to Lee DuBridge, Director, Office of Science and Technology. November 20, 1969.
Office of Science and Technology. “Responses of the Federal Departments and Agencies to the President’s Science Advisory Committee Report, ‘Restoring the Quality of Our Environment’.” May 1967.
Office of Science and Technology, Energy Policy Staff. Funding Energy Research and Development. August 26, 1970.
Roberts, Sam. “Edward E. David Jr., Who Elevated Science Under Nixon, Dies at 92.” New York Times, February 28, 2017.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “The Keeling Curve.”
US Department of Commerce et al. World Weather Program: Plan for Fiscal Year 1971. April 1970. (excerpt)
US Department of Commerce. The Automobile and Air Pollution: A Program for Progress. Report of the Panel on Electrically Powered Vehicles. Washington, DC, 1967. (excerpt)
White House, The. Restoring the Quality of Our Environment: Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel of the President’s Science Advisory Committee. Washington, DC, November 1965.
Chapter 2
JIMMY CARTER ADMINISTRATION (1977 - 1981)
Barney, Gerald O., ed. Global 2000: The Report to the President: Entering the Twenty-First Century. 1980, reissued in 1988.
Carter, Jimmy. Address to the Nation on Energy and National Goals: “The Malaise Speech.” July 15, 1979.
Carter, Jimmy. Golden, Colorado Remarks at the Solar Energy Research Institute on South Table Mountain. May 3, 1978.
Carter, Jimmy. National Energy Program Fact Sheet on the President’s Program. April 20, 1977.
Carter, Jimmy. Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments of 1978 Statement on Signing S.9 Into Law. September 18, 1978.
Carter, Jimmy. Second Environmental Decade Remarks at the 10th Anniversary Observance of the National Environmental Policy Act, Earth Day, and Several Federal Agencies. February 29, 1980.
Carter, Jimmy. Solar Energy Message to the Congress. June 20, 1979.
Carter, Jimmy. The State of the Union Annual Message to the Congress. January 16, 1981.
Climate Research Board, National Research Council. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1979.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality 1977: The Eighth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC, December 1977.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality 1980: The Eleventh Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC, December 1980.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: The Ninth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC, December 1978.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: The Tenth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC, 1979.
Council on Environmental Quality. Global Energy Futures and the Carbon Dioxide Problem. Washington, DC, January 1981.
Council on Environmental Quality. Solar Energy: Progress and Promise. Washington, DC, April 1978.
Council on Environmental Quality. The Good News About Energy. Washington, DC, 1979.
Council on Environmental Quality and US Department of State. Global Future: Time To Act. Washington, DC, January 1981.
Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub. L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565.
Hansen, James, et al. “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?” Open Atmospheric Science Journal 2 (2008): 217–231.
MacDonald, Gordon, et al. The Long Term Impact of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Climate. Technical Report JSR-78–07. SRI International, April 1979.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Mauna Loa CO2 Annual Mean Data.
National Research Council. Energy and Climate: Studies in Geophysics. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science, 1977.
Oakes, John B. “For Reagan, a Ticking Ecological ‘Time Bomb’.” New York Times, January 20, 1981.
Press, Frank. Memorandum to the President, Carbon Dioxide Increases. May 5, 1980.
Press, Frank. Memorandum to the President, Release of Fossil CO2 and the Possibility of a Catastrophic Climate Change. July 7, 1977.
Shabecoff, Philip. “Scientists Warn U.S. of Carbon Dioxide Peril.” New York Times, July 10, 1979.
Shabecoff, Philip. “U.S. Calls for Efforts To Combat Global Environmental Problems.” New York Times, January 15, 1981.
Shabecoff, Philip. “U.S. Study Warns of Extensive Problems From Carbon Dioxide Pollution.” New York Times, January 14, 1981.
Solar Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1974. Pub. L. 93–473, 42 USC § 5551. 1974.
Staats, Elmer B., Comptroller General. U.S. Coal Development—Promises, Uncertainties. EMD-77–43, Report to Congress. September 22, 1977.
US Department of Energy. Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment Program: Workshop on the Global Effects of Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuels. May 1979.
US Department of Energy. Summary of the Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment Program. July 1980.
US Energy Information Administration. Monthly Energy Review August 2020. 2020.
US Energy Information Administration. Monthly Energy Review May 2018. 2018.
Woodwell, George M., Gordon J. MacDonald, Roger Revelle, and C. David Keeling. The Carbon Dioxide Problem: Implications for Policy in the Management of Energy and Other Resources. A Report to the Council on Environmental Quality. July 1979, reprinted 2008.
Chapter 3
RONALD REAGAN ADMINISTRATION (1981 - 1989)
Ball, William L., Assistant to the President. Letter to Senator Gore. May 28, 1986.
Biello, David. “Where Did the Carter White House’s Solar Panels Go?” Scientific American, August 6, 2010.
Carbon Dioxide and Climate: The Greenhouse Effect, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agricultural Research and Environment and the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology. 97th Congress. March 25, 1982.
Coggins, George Cameron, and Doris K. Nagel. “‘Nothing Beside Remains’: The Legal Legacy of James G. Watt’s Tenure as a Secretary of the Interior on Federal Land and Law Policy.” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review. 17, no. 3 (1990): 473–550.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality 1981: 12th Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC, 1982.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality 1982: 13th Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality 1983: 14th Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: 15th Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC.
Curlee, Dotty, Department of Energy Action Officer. Report of Hearing, Joint Hearing on Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect. March 25, 1982.
Energy Policy Implications of Global Warming, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. 100th Congress. July 7 and September 22, 1988.
Fox, J. Edward. Letter to Senator Chafee. July 29, 1988.
Gächter, Rolando A. Federal Offshore Statistics: 1995: Leasing, Exploration, Production, and Revenue as of December 31, 1995. Herndon, VA: US Department of Interior, 1997.
Global Climate Protection Act of 1987. Pub. L. 100–204, title XI, December 22, 1987.
Gore, Al. Letter to The Honorable Ronald W. Reagan. May 21, 1986.
Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change, Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. 100th Congress. June 23, 1988.
Herrington, John S., DOE Secretary. Letter to the President. March 16, 1987.
Johnson, Robert E. Memorandum through Ralph C. Bledsoe for Nancy J. Risque, The Global Climate Protection Act. December 29, 1987.
Mitchell, George J., et al. Letter to Lee Thomas, Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency. September 12, 1986.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Global Climate: A Variable and Vulnerable Natural Resource.” October 1, 1986.
National Research Council. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.
National Research Council. Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983.
Office of Science and Technology Policy. Biennial Science and Technology Report to Congress: 1983–1984. Washington, DC, 1985.
Ozone Depletion, the Greenhouse Effect, and Climate Change, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution of the Committee on Environment and Public Works. 99th Congress. June 10 and 11, 1986.
PEW Charitable Trusts, The. Driving to 54.5 mpg: A History of Fuel Efficiency in the United States. September 2012.
Reagan, Ronald. Message to the Congress Transmitting the National Energy Policy Plan. July 17, 1981.
Reagan, Ronald. Report to Congress: United States Government Activities Related to the Greenhouse Effect. January 26, 1988.
Ruckelshaus, William D. Remarks at Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. June 21, 1984.
Ruckelshaus, William D. The Role of the Private Sector in Environmental Action, World Industry Conference on Environmental Management. November 14, 1984.
Shabecoff, Philip. “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate.” New York Times, June 24, 1988.
Smith, Richard J., Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Letter to Richard Hallgren. January 27, 1988.
Smith, Richard J., Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Memorandum to Dr. Ralph Bledsoe, White House Domestic Policy Council. January 15, 1988.
Stafford, Robert T., et al. Letter to John Gibbons, Executive Director, US Congress Office of Technology Assessment. December 23, 1986.
United Nations. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987.
US Department of Energy. Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment Program: Environmental and Societal Consequences of a Possible CO2-Induced Climate Change. Vol. II, Part I, Response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to CO2-Induced Climatic Warming. Washington, DC, April 1982.
US Department of Energy. Carbon Dioxide Effects Research and Assessment Program: Proceedings of the Workshop on First Detection of Carbon Dioxide Effects. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, June 8–10, 1981. Washington, DC, May 1982.
US Department of Energy, John R. Trabalka, ed., Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle. Washington, DC, December 1985.
US Department of Energy, Michael MacCracken and Frederick M. Luther, eds. Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide. Washington, DC, December 1985.
US Department of Energy, Michael P. Farrell, ed. Master Index for the Carbon Dioxide Research State-of-the-Art Report Series. Washington, DC, March 1987.
US Department of Transportation. Summary of Fuel Economy Performance. Washington, DC, December 15, 2014.
US Environmental Protection Agency. “Climate Change Indicators: Climate Forcing.” https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Can We Delay a Greenhouse Warming? Washington, DC, September 1983.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Projecting Future Sea Level Rise: Methodology, Estimates to the Year 2100, and Research Needs. Washington, DC, October 1983.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory Determination for Oil and Gas and Geothermal Exploration, Development and Production Wastes. 53 Fed. Reg. 25446. July 6, 1988.
World Climate Programme. Report of the International Conference on the Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts. Villach, Austria, 9–15 October 1985. 1986.
World Meteorological Organization. “Conference Proceedings: The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security, Toronto, Canada, 27–30 June 1988.” 1988.
Chapter 4
GEORGE H. W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION (1989 - 1993)
Associated Press. “The Earth Summit; Excerpts From Speech By Bush on ‘Action Plan’.” New York Times, June 13, 1992.
Bates, David, Assistant to the President and Secretary to the Cabinet. Draft Memorandum to Heads of Agencies. July 14, 1989.
Bernthal, Frederick M. Letter to Professor Bert Bolin. July 5, 1990.
Bernthal, Frederick M. Memorandum to Richard T. McCormack Under Secretary-Designate for Economic Affairs, Attached Background Material. February 9, 1989.
Bernthal, Frederick M. Memorandum to the Secretary of the Department of State, Review of Key Foreign Policy Issues: The Environment. February 27, 1989.
Briefing for Governor Sununu, Preparations for the First Framework Convention Negotiating Session, Washington, DC, February 4, 1991. November 7, 1990.
Bromley, D. Allen. Memorandum to Governor Sununu, The NRC Evans Report. April 8, 1991.
Bromley, D. Allen. Memorandum to John H. Sununu, Possible Group from Whom to Obtain Reaction to the NAS/Evans Report. April 18, 1991.
Bromley, D. Allen. Memorandum to John H. Sununu, Sea Level Change and Environmental Matters. June 14, 1990.
Bromley, D. Allan, and Ede Holiday. Memorandum for Governor Sununu, Climate Change Framework Convention Meeting at 9:30 Wednesday morning. January 23, 1991.
Bromley, Allan, and Stephen Dazansky. Memorandum for Fred Bernthal et al., Meeting of Global Change Strategy Task Force. May 21, 1990.
Bush, George H. W. Presidential Address: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Georgetown University. February 5, 1990.
Bush, George H. W. Remarks on Signing the Energy Policy Act of 1992 in Maurice, Louisiana. October 24, 1992.
Bush, George H. W. Remarks on Signing the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989. July 26, 1989.
Carr, Donald A., Acting Assistant Attorney General. Memorandum to Kenneth Yale, CEQ Global Climate Change Directive. June 23, 1989.
Climate Surprises, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. 101st Congress. May 8, 1989.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: The Twentieth Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality together with The President’s Message to Congress. Washington, DC, 1990.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: The Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality together with The President’s Message to Congress. Washington, DC, January 1993.
Danzansky, Steve. Memorandum for Chris Dawson et al., Letter on IPCC Conclusions Paper. August 7, 1990.
Energy Policy Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102–486. October 24, 1992.
Global Change Working Group. Memorandum for the Domestic Policy Council, Framework Convention on Climate Change. January 22, 1991.
Hill, Alan, Chairman, Council on Environmental Quality. Memorandum to Heads of Federal Agencies, Draft of Guidance to Federal Agencies Regarding Consideration of Global Climate Change in Preparation of Environmental Documents. June 21, 1989.
Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and National Academy of Engineering. Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Loer, David W. Letter to Mr. John Sununu, Chief of Staff. July 30, 1991.
Maynard, Nancy G. Memorandum to D. Allen Bromley, J. Thomas Ratchford, Environment Update—Week of May 26 and June 3, 1991. June 3, 1991.
Michaels, Patrick, and Robert Balling, Jr. Letter to The Honorable George H. Bush. February 1, 1991.
Mitchell, George J., et al. Letter to Lee Thomas, Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency. September 12, 1986.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Reports to the Nation on Our Changing Planet: The Climate System. Winter 1991.
NCAR UCAR. “Stephen Schneider: An Extraordinary Life.” July 21, 2010.
PEW Environment Group, The. History of Fuel Economy. April 2011.
Porter, Roger B. Memorandum for the President, The Second World Climate Conference. October 23, 1990.
Shabecoff, Philip. “Scientist Says Budget Office Altered His Testimony.” New York Times, May 8, 1989.
Smith, Richard J. Confidential Information Memorandum to The Secretary, United States Department of State, Preparations for an International Conference on the Environment. May 16, 1989.
Solar Energy Research Institute. CO2 Emissions From Coal-Fired and Solar Electric Power Plants. May 1990.
Sununu, John. Letter to David W. Loer. August 20, 1991.
“The White House and the Greenhouse.” New York Times, May 9, 1989.
United Nations. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 1992.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Changing by Degrees: Steps to Reduce Greenhouse Gases, OTA-O-482. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, February 1991.
US Department of Energy. National Energy Strategy: Powerful Ideas for America. Washington, DC, February 1991.
US Department of Energy. The Economics of Long-Term Global Climate Change: A Preliminary Assessment. Report of an Interagency Task Force, Washington, DC, September 1990.
US Department of State. “PRD-12/Global Climate Change Policy Decision Paper.”
US Department of State. Remarks by the Honorable James A. Baker III, Secretary of State before the Response Strategies Working Group, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. January 30, 1989.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2016. 2018.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Policy Options for Stabilizing Global Climate: Report to Congress. December 1990.
US Environmental Protection Agency. The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States. Washington, DC, December 1989.
US General Accounting Office. Energy Conservation: DOE’s Efforts to Promote Energy Conservation and Efficiency. Washington, DC, April 1992.
US General Accounting Office. Energy Policy: Options to Reduce Environmental and Other Costs of Gasoline Consumption. Washington, DC, September 1992.
US General Accounting Office. Global Warming: Administration Approach Cautious Pending Validation of Threat. Washington, DC, January 1990.
US General Accounting Office. Global Warming: Emission Reductions Possible as Scientific Uncertainties are Resolved. Washington, DC, September 1990.
US General Accounting Office. Greenhouse Effect: DOE’s Programs and Activities Relevant to the Global Warming Phenomenon. Washington, DC, March 1990.
Weisskopf, Michael. “Bush Was Aloof in Warming Debate.” Washington Post, October 31, 1992.
Chapter 5
WILLIAM J. CLINTON ADMINISTRATION (1993 - 2001)
Cannon, Jonathan Z. Memorandum to Carol M. Browner, EPA’s Authority to Regulate Pollutants Emitted by Electric Power Generation Sources. April 10, 1998.
Clinton, William J. Remarks at the White House Conference on Climate Change. October 19, 1993.
Clinton, William J. Remarks on Earth Day. April 21, 1993.
Clinton, William J. Remarks on the 25th Observance of Earth Day in Havre de Grace, Maryland. April 21, 1995.
Clinton, William J., and Al Gore, Jr. The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington DC: Executive Office of the President, 1993.
Congressional Research Service. U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Recent Trends and Factors. November 24, 2014.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: Along the American River: The 1996 Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC.
Council on Environmental Quality. Environmental Quality: The 1997 Report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC.
Cushman, John H., Jr. “U.S. Signs a Pact to Reduce Gases Tied to Warming.” New York Times, November 13, 1998.
Deep Water Royalty Relief Act, Pub. L. 104–58. November 28, 1995.
Domestic Policy Council. Domestic Oil and Gas Incentives. 1994.
Exec. Order No. 13045, Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks. 62 Fed. Reg. 19885. April 23, 1997.
Flowers, L. T., and P. J. Dougherty. “Wind Powering America: Goals, Approach, Perspectives, and Prospects.” Preprint, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2002.
Gore, Al. Remarks at the SE Regional Climate Change Impacts Meeting, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. June 25, 1997.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Second Assessment Climate Change 1995: A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1995.
Joyce, Linda A., and Richard Birdsey, technical eds. The Impact of Climate Change on America’s Forests: A Technical Document Supporting the 2000 USDA Forest Service RPA Assessment. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000.
Krosnick, Jon A., et al. “American Opinion on Global Warming: The Impact of the Fall 1997 Debate.” Resources 133 (1998): 5–9.
Mahlman, J. D., D. Albritton, and R. T. Watson. State of Scientific Understanding of Climate Change. Included in Katie McGinty. Memorandum to the President and the Vice President, Climate Change Action Plan. October 8, 1993.
McGinty, Katie, Dan Albritton, and Jerry Melillo. Press Briefing, Climate Change Briefing. July 24, 1997.
McGinty, Katie. Memorandum to the President and the Vice President, Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, DC, October 8, 1993.
Morgan, Rick. Fax to Mike Toman, Post-2000 Option: CO2, Cap & Emissions Trading for Electricity, Natural Gas, and Transportation Fuels. October 21, 1994.
National Science and Technology Council and the Institute of Medicine/National Academy of Sciences. Conference on Human Health and Global Climate Change: Summary of the Proceedings. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.
Office of Science and Technology Policy. Climate Change: State of Knowledge. 1997.
Ross, Tom, and Neal Lott. “A Climatology of Recent Extreme Weather and Climate Events.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center. October 2000.
Selected Questions and Answers on the President’s Climate Change Action Plan. In Kathleen McGinty. Letter to Colleague. October 18, 1993.
Solar Energy Industries Association. “Solar Industry Research Data.” Accessed August 3, 2018.
Sperling, Gene, Katie McGinty, and Daniel Tarullo. Memorandum for the President, Climate Change Scenarios. September 15, 1997.
S.Res. 98. A Resolution Expressing the Sense of the Senate Regarding the Conditions for the United States Becoming a Signatory to Any International Agreement on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 105th Congress. 1997.
United Nations. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 1998.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Preparing for an Uncertain Climate: Volume 1, OTA-0–567. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, October 1993.
US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. Environmental Benefits of Advanced Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technology. Washington, DC, October 1999.
US Department of Energy. Million Solar Roofs: Become One in a Million. Washington, DC, 2003.
US Department of State. “PRD-12/Global Climate Change Policy Decision Paper.”
US Department of the Interior. Climatic Change in the National Parks, Wildlife Refuges and Other Department of Interior Lands in the United States. May 1997.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Effects of CO2 and Climate Change on Forest Trees. Environmental Research Laboratory—Corvallis, April 1993.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Health Threats to Children. Washington, DC, September 1996.
US General Accounting Office. Global Warming: Administration’s Proposal in Support of the Kyoto Protocol. Statement of Victor S. Rezendes, Testimony Before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. June 4, 1998.
US Geological Survey. “Coastal Wetlands and Global Change: Overview.” June 1997.
White House, The. “Global Climate Change: An East Room Roundtable.” July 24, 1997.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Opening Remarks by the President and the Vice President at Discussion on Climate Change. July 24, 1997.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President at the White House Conference on Climate Change, Georgetown University. October 6, 1997.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President on Global Climate Change, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC. October 22, 1997.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President to the Business Roundtable, Washington, DC. June 12, 1997.
Wirth, Timothy E., Undersecretary of State. Remarks at the First Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change. April 5, 1995.
Wirth, Timothy E., Undersecretary for Global Affairs on Behalf of the United States of America. Statement at the Second Conference of the Parties, Framework Convention on Climate Change. July 17, 1996.
Chapter 6
GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION (2001 - 2009)
Abramowitz, Michael, and Steven Mufson. “Papers Detail Industry’s Role in Cheney’s Energy Report.” Washington Post, July 18, 2007.
Beck, Amanda. “Carbon Cuts a Must to Halt Warming—US Scientists.” Reuters, December 13, 2007.
Bush, George W. Memorandum for the Vice President et al., National Energy Policy Development Group. January 29, 2001.
Bush, George W. Remarks Announcing the Clear Skies and Global Climate Change Initiatives in Silver Spring, Maryland. February 14, 2002.
Bush, George W. Remarks Announcing the Energy Plan in St. Paul, Minnesota. May 17, 2001.
Bush, George W. Remarks During a Meeting on Energy Security and Climate Change. September 28, 2007.
Bush, George W. Remarks on Energy and Climate Change. April 16, 2008.
Bush, George W. Remarks on Energy in Athens, Alabama. June 21, 2007.
Climate Change: Understanding the Degree of the Problem, Hearing before the Committee on Government Reform. 109th Congress. July 20, 2006.
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, US House of Representatives. Political Interference with Climate Change Science Under the Bush Administration. December 2007.
Congressional Budget Office. Evaluating the Role of Prices and R&D in Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Washington, DC, September 2006.
Congressional Budget Office. The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer. Washington, DC, April 2003.
Connaughton, James L., and John H. Marburger, III. Open Letter on the President’s Position on Climate Change. February 7, 2007.
Connaughton, James L., Chairman, White House Council on Environmental Quality. Statement for the Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, US Senate. July 11, 2002.
Connaughton, Jim, Sharon Hays, and Harlan Watson. Press Briefing Via Conference Call by Senior Administration Officials on IPCC Report. November 16, 2007.
Daniels, Mitchell E., Jr. Memorandum for Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, and Independent Regulatory Agencies, Guidance for Implementing E.O. 13211. July 13, 2001.
Ebell, Myron, Competitive Enterprise Institute. Email to Phil Cooney. June 3, 2002.
Eilperin, Juliet. “White House Tried to Silence EPA Proposal on Car Emissions.” Washington Post, June 26, 2008.
Exec. Order No. 13211, Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use. 66 Fed. Reg. 28355. May 22, 2001.
Exec. Order No. 13212, Actions to Expedite Energy-Related Projects. 66 Fed. Reg. 28357. May 22, 2001.
Fabricant, Robert E., EPA General Counsel. Memorandum to Marianne L. Horniko, Acting Administrator, EPA’s Authority to Impose Mandatory Controls to Address Global Climate Change under the Clean Air Act. August 28, 2003.
Fahrenthold, David, and Juliet Eilperin. “Warming Is Major Threat to Humans, EPA Warns.” Washington Post, July 18, 2008.
Fuller, Thomas, and Peter Gelling. “Deadlock Stymies Global Climate Talks.” New York Times, December 12, 2007.
Hansen, James, et al. “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?” Open Atmospheric Science Journal 2 (2008): 217–231.
Hennessey, Keith, and Bryan Hannegan. Memorandum to the President through Al Hubbard, Energy Policy—Interim Report. September 30, 2005.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. 2007.
Johnson, Stephen L., EPA Administrator. Letter to the President. January 31, 2008.
Kettle, Martin. “Cheney Tells US to Carry on Guzzling.” The Guardian, May 10, 2001.
Marshall, Paul, and Heidi Schuttenberg. A Reef Manager’s Guide to Coral Bleaching. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 2006.
Mulligan, M. “Tackling Climate Change in the United States: The Potential Contribution from Wind Power.” Preprint, Conference Paper, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, July 2006.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Inspector General. Investigative Summary Regarding Allegations that NASA Suppressed Climate Change Science and Denied Media Access to Dr. James E. Hansen, a NASA Scientist. June 2, 2008.
National Energy Policy Development Group. National Energy Policy. Washington, DC, May 2001.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Information. “State of the Climate: Hurricanes and Tropical Storms—Annual 2005.” January 2006. Accessed on July 26, 2016.
National Research Council. Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
National Research Council. Implementing Climate Change and Global Change Research: A Review of the Final U.S. Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004.
Office of Science and Technology Policy. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Finalizes Report. February 2, 2007.
Randol, Randy. Facsimile to Phil Cooney. March 22, 2002.
Revkin, Andrew C. “Editor of Climate Reports Resigns,” New York Times, June 11, 2005.
Richter-Menge, J., et al. State of the Arctic Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, October 2006.
Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 6—Energy Policy Act of 2005. June 14, 2005.
Statement of Administration Policy: S. 3036—Lieberman–Warner Climate Security Act. June 2, 2008.
Talley, Ian, and Siobhan Hughes. “White House Blocks EPA Emissions Draft.” The Wall Street Journal, June 30, 2008.
“The Halliburton Loophole.” New York Times, November 2, 2009.
US Climate Change Science Program. Analyses of the Effects of Global Change on Human Health and Welfare and Human Systems. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC, September 2008.
US Climate Change Science Program. Our Changing Planet: The U.S. Climate Change Science Program for Fiscal Year 2009. A Report by the Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC, July 2008.
US Climate Change Science Program. Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations. Sub-Report 2.1A of Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1 by the US Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC, 2007.
US Department of State. U.S. Climate Action Report 2002: Third National Communication of the United States of America Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Washington, DC, May 2002.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under the Clean Air Act, Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. 73 Fed. Reg. 44354. July 30, 2008.
US Government Accountability Office. Advanced Energy Technologies: Budget Trends and Challenges for DOE’s Energy R&D Program. GAO-08–556T. Statement of Mark E. Gaffigan, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives. March 5, 2008.
US Government Accountability Office. Advanced Energy Technologies: Key Challenges to Their Development and Deployment. GAO-07–550T. Statement of Jim Wells, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. February 28, 2007.
US Government Accountability Office. Department of Energy: Key Challenges Remain for Developing and Deploying Advanced Energy Technologies to Meet Future Needs. GAO-07-106. December 2006.
US Government Accountability Office. Renewable Energy: Wind Power’s Contribution to Electric Power Generation and Impact of Farms and Rural Communities. GAO-04–756. Washington, DC, September 2004.
Watson, Harlan. “U.S. Climate Change Policy.” Presentation at US-Germany Bilateral Meeting, Berlin, Germany, August 12, 2005.
White House, The Office of the Press Secretary. President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change, The Rose Garden. June 11, 2001.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. President Discusses Energy Policy, Franklin County Veterans Memorial, Columbus, Ohio. March 9, 2005.
Whitman, Christine Todd, Administrator of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Remarks at the Business Council, Washington, DC. February 22, 2001.
Chapter 7
BARACK OBAMA ADMINISTRATION (2009 - 2017)
Clean Energy Policies That Reduce our Dependence on Oil, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. 111th Congress. April 28, 2010.
Climate Change and National Security, Hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works. 111th Congress. July 30, 2009.
Climate Change Impacts on National Parks in Colorado, Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. 111th Congress. August 24, 2009.
Congressional Budget Office. The Effects of Renewable or Clean Electricity Standards. Washington, DC, July 2011.
Congressional Research Service. Climate Change: Conceptual Approaches and Policy Tools. August 29, 2011.
Congressional Research Service. Options for a Federal Renewable Electricity Standard. November 12, 2010.
Congressional Research Service. U.S. Crude Oil Export Policy: Background and Considerations. December 31, 2014.
Davis, Julie Hirschfeld, Mark Landler, and Coral Davenport. “Obama on Climate Change: The Trends Are ‘Terrifying’.” New York Times, September 8, 2016.
Defendants’ Answer to First Amended Complaint. January 13, 2017. ECF. No. 98.
Dimitrov, Radoslav. “The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Behind Closed Doors.” Global Environmental Politics 16, no. 3 (2016): 1–11.
Exec. Order No. 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance. 74 Fed. Reg. 52117. October 8, 2009.
Exec. Order No. 13653, Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change. 78 Fed. Reg. 66819. November 6, 2013.
Executive Office of the President. The Cost of Delaying Action to Stem Climate Change. July 2014.
Executive Office of the President. The Economics of Coal Leasing on Federal Lands: Ensuring a Fair Return to Taxpayers. June 2016.
Friedman, Lisa, and Brad Plumer. “E.P.A. Drafts Rule on Coal Plants to Replace Clean Power Plan.” New York Times, July 5, 2018.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers. 2014.
Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007).
Melillo, Jerry M., Terese Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, eds. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. US Global Change Research Program. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2014.
National Intelligence Council. Implications for US National Security of Anticipated Climate Change. NIC WP 2016–01, September 21, 2016.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Coast Survey. “Historical Geographic Place Names Removed from NOAA Charts.” Edition 3.0, updated August 4, 2014.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study Volume 1: Exploration of High-Penetration Renewable Electricity Futures. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 2012.
National Research Council. Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010.
National Research Council. Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.
Obama, Barack. “The President’s Clean Power Plan.” Accessed August 8, 2018.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Fifteenth Session, Held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009.
United Nations. Paris Agreement. 2015.
US Department of Defense. 2014 Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap. 2014.
US Department of Energy. “Chapter I: Transforming the Nation’s Electricity System: The Second Installation of the Quadrennial Energy Review.” In Transforming the Nation’s Electricity System. January 2017.
US Department of Energy. Strategic Plan. May 2011.
US Department of State. Second Biennial Report of the United States Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2016.
US Energy Information Administration. Monthly Energy Review March 2018. 2018.
US Energy Information Administration. Sales of Fossil Fuels Produced from Federal and Indian Lands, FY 2003 through FY 2014. Washington, DC, July 2015.
US Environmental Protection Agency. America’s Children and the Environment, 3rd ed. Washington, DC, January 2013.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2012. 2nd ed. Washington, DC, December 2012.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2014. 3rd ed. Washington, DC, May 2014.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act, Final Rule. 74 Fed. Reg. 66496. December 15, 2009.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2016. 2018.
US Environmental Protection Agency and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards: Final Rule. 77 Fed. Reg. 62624. October 15, 2012.
US Environmental Protection Agency and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards; Final Rule. 75 Fed. Reg. 25325. May 7, 2010.
US Geological Survey. “Science-Based Strategies for Sustaining Coral Ecosystems.” Fact Sheet 2009–3089. September 2009.
US Global Change Research Program. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
US Global Change Research Program. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. Washington, DC, 2016.
White House, The. United States Mid-Century Strategy for Deep Decarbonization. Washington, DC, November 2016.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Fact Sheet: President Obama’s 21st Century Clean Transportation System. February 4, 2016.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Fact Sheet: U.S. Reports Its 2025 Emissions Target to the UNFCCC. March 31, 2015.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Inaugural Address by President Barack Obama. January 21, 2013.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address. January 24, 2012.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President in the State of the Union Address. February 12, 2013.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President on American-Made Energy. March 22, 2012.
White House, The. Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President on Climate Change, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. June 25, 2013.
Chapter 8
DONALD J. TRUMP ADMINISTRATION (2017 - 2020)
Alson, Jeff. “The Pandemic Hasn’t Stopped Trump’s Rollback of Clean Car Standards.” The Hill, March 31, 2020.
Bump, Philip. “Trump’s Plan to Use a Cold War-Era Law to Bolster the Coal Industry, Explained.” Washington Post, June 1, 2018.
Bureau of Land Management. “BLM Offers Revision to Methane Waste Prevention Rule.” February 12, 2018.
Bureau of Land Management. “Interior’s Bureau of Land Management Begins Planning Effort for NPR-A.” November 20, 2018.
CBS News. “Trump Says Climate Change Not a ‘Hoax’ but Questions If It’s ‘Manmade’.” CBS, October 15, 2018.
Cillizza, Chris. “Donald Trump Buried a Climate Change Report Because ‘I Don’t Believe It.’” CNN, November. 27, 2018.
Clement, Joel. “I’m a Scientist. I’m Blowing the Whistle on the Trump Administration.” Washington Post, July 19, 2017.
“Climate Change,” US Environmental Protection Agency. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange_.html.
Congressional Research Service. The Congressional Review Act (CRA): Frequently Asked Questions. Updated January 14, 2020.
Council on Environmental Quality. Update to the Regulations Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act, Final Rule. 85 Fed. Reg. 43304, July 16, 2020.
Council on Environmental Quality. Withdrawal of Final Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies on Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in National Environmental Policy Act Reviews: Notice. 82 Fed. Reg. 16576, April 5, 2017.
Davenport, Carol. “E.P.A. Faces Bigger Tasks, Smaller Budgets and Louder Critics.” New York Times, March 18, 2016.
Davenport, Coral. “Trump Eliminates Major Methane Rule, Even as Leaks Are Worsening.” New York Times, August 20, 2020.
Davenport, Coral. “U.S. to Announce Rollback of Auto Pollution Rules, a Key Effort to Fight Climate Change.” New York Times, March 30, 2020.
Davenport, Coral, and Lisa Friedman. “E.P.A. Inspector General to Investigate Trump’s Biggest Climate Rollback.” New York Times, July 27, 2020.
Davenport, Carol, Lisa Friedman, and Maggie Haberman. “E.P.A. Chief Scott Pruitt Resigns Under a Cloud of Ethics Scandals.” New York Times, July 5, 2018.
Davis, Julie Hirschfeld. “Spending Plan Passed by Congress Is a Rebuke to Trump. Here’s Why.” New York Times, March 22, 2018.
Dlouhy, Jennifer A. “Trump Prepares Lifeline for Money-Losing Coal Plants.” Bloomberg, May 31, 2018.
Eilperin, Juliet. “Senate Democrats Call for an Investigation of Climate Scientist Whistleblower Complaint.” Washington Post, July 24, 2017.
Eilperin, Juliet and Darla Cameron. “How Trump Is Rolling Back Obama’s Legacy.” Washington Post, updated January 20, 2019.
Eilperin, Juliet, Josh Dawsey, and Brady Dennis. “White House Blocked Intelligence Agency’s Written Testimony Calling Climate Change ‘Possibly Catastrophic’.” Washington Post, June 8, 2019.
Environmental Data & Governance Initiative. “The New Digital Landscape: How the Trump Administration Has Undermined Federal Web Infrastructures for Climate Information.” July 2019.
Environmental Data & Governance Initiative. “Website Monitoring.”
Environmental Integrity Project. “Trump Watch: EPA.”
Environmental Integrity Project. “Who’s Running Trump’s EPA?”
Erickson, Peter, Sivan Kartha, Michael Lazarus, and Kevin Tempest. “Assessing Carbon Lock-In.” Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 8 (2015).
Exec. Order No. 13766, Expediting Environmental Reviews and Approvals for High Priority Infrastructure Projects. 82 Fed. Reg. 8657. January 30, 2017.
Exec. Order No. 13783, Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth. 82 Fed. Reg. 16093. March 31, 2017.
Exec. Order No. 13795, Implementing an America-First Offshore Energy Strategy. 82 Fed. Reg. 20815. May 3, 2017.
Exec. Order No. 13927, Accelerating the Nation’s Economic Recovery From the COVID–19 Emergency by Expediting Infrastructure Investments and Other Activities. 85 Fed. Reg. 35165. June 9, 2020.
FEMA. 2018–2022 Strategic Plan. 2018.
Friedman, Lisa. “E.P.A. Cancels Talk on Climate Change by Agency Scientists.” New York Times, October 22, 2017.
Gearino, Dan. “Trump’s Budget Could Have Chilling Effect on U.S. Clean Energy Leadership.” Inside Climate News, April 2, 2019.
Gentile, Nicole, and Kate Kelly. “The Trump Administration Is Stifling Renewable Energy on Public Lands and Waters.” Center for American Progress, June 25, 2020.
Grandoni, Dino, Brady Dennis, and Chris Mooney. “Scott Pruitt Asks Whether Global Warming Is ‘Necessarily Is a Bad Thing’.” Denver Post, February 7, 2018.
Grandoni, Dino. “The Energy 202: Interior Agency Blocks Group of Archaeologists from Attending Scientific Conference.” Washington Post, May 3, 2018.
Grid Memo. May 29, 2018.
Gustin, Georgina. “Tax Overhaul Preserves Critical Credits for Wind, Solar and Electric Vehicles.” Inside Climate News, December 22, 2017.
H.Res. 6. Adopting the Rules of the House of Representatives for the One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, and for other purposes. 116th Congress. 2019.
H.Res. 109. Recognizing the Duty of the Federal Government to Create a Green New Deal. 116th Congress. 2019.
Hand, Mark. “Climate, Environmental Programs Left Mostly Untouched in Budget Deal.” Think Progress, May 1, 2017.
Harvard Environmental & Energy Law Program. “EPA Mission Tracker.”
Harvard Environmental & Energy Law Program. “Regulatory Rollback Tracker.”
House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis. “Solving the Climate Crisis: The Congressional Action Plan for a Clean Energy Economy and a Healthy, Resilient, and Just America.” June 2020.
IEA. World Energy Investment 2018. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2018.
Irfan, Umair. “Trump White House Issues Climate Change Report Undermining Its Own Policy.” Vox, November 26, 2018.
Jacobson, Mark. “Abstracts of 47 Peer-Reviewed Published Journal Articles From 13 Independent Research Groups With 91 Different Authors Supporting the Result That Energy for Electricity, Transportation, Building Heating/Cooling, and/or Industry can be Supplied Reliably with 100% or Near-100% Renewable Energy at Difference Locations Worldwide.” December 29, 2019.
Kaplan, Sarah. “Government Scientists Blocked from the Biggest Meeting in Their Field.” Washington Post, December 22, 2017.
Kaufman, Alexander C. “Leaked Memo: EPA Shows Workers How to Downplay Climate Change.” HuffPost, March 28, 2018.
Lavelle, Marianne. “Trump’s Executive Order: More Fossil Fuels, Regardless of Climate Change.” Inside Climate News, March 28, 2017.
Levin, Kelly, and Dennis Tirpak. “This Month in Climate Science.” World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, August 20, 2020.
Levitz, Eric. “Trump Thwarts GOP Plot to Pretend His Climate Agenda Isn’t Idiotic.” New York, May 28, 2019.
Lieberman, Bruce. “What Trump’s Proposed NEPA Rollback Could Mean for the Climate.” February 20, 2020.
Liptak, Kevin, and Jim Acosta. “Trump on Paris Accord: ‘We’re Getting Out’.” CNN, June 2, 2017.
Majumder, Bianca, Sally Hardin, and Claire Moser. “The Impact of the Coronavirus on the Renewable Energy Industry.” Center for American Progress, April 15, 2020.
Merrill, M. D., B. M. Sleeter, P. A. Freeman, J. Liu, P. D. Warwick, and B. C. Reed. Federal Lands Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sequestration in the United States: Estimates for 2005–14. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5131. 2018.
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018.
National Geographic. “A Running List of How President Trump Is Changing Environmental Policy.”
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. “Corporate Average Fuel Economy.”
Negin, Elliott. “Energy Department Scientists Barred from Attending Nuclear Power Conference.” HuffPost, August 1, 2017.
Office of Management and Budget. A Budget for a Better America: Fiscal Year 2020 Budget of the U.S. Government. Washington, DC: US Government Publishing Office, 2019.
Oprysko, Caitlin. “‘I Don’t Believe It’: Trump Dismisses Grim Government Report on Climate Change.” Politico, November 26, 2018.
Patterson, Brittany. “Govt. Scientist Blocked from Talking About Climate and Fire.” E&E News, October 31, 2017.
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Pipeline Safety: Gas Pipeline Regulatory Reform, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. 85 Fed. Reg. 35240. June 9, 2020.
Plumer, Brad. “Trump Orders a Lifeline for Struggling Coal and Nuclear Plants.” New York Times, June 1, 2018.
Presidential Memorandum, Construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline. 82 Fed. Reg. 8663. January 30, 2017.
Reuters. “Clean Energy Has Shed Nearly 600,000 U.S. Jobs Due to Pandemic: Report.” Reuters, May 13, 2020.
Rhodium Group. “Preliminary US Emissions Estimates for 2018.” January 8, 2019.
Rice, Doyle. “Buried? Feds to Release Major Climate Report Day after Thanksgiving.” USA Today, November 21, 2018.
S.Res. 59. A Resolution Recognizing the Duty of the Federal Government to Create a Green New Deal. 116th Congress. 2019.
Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. “Climate Deregulation Tracker.”
Science News. “Trump, Congress Approve Largest U.S. Research Spending Increase in a Decade.” Science, March 23, 2018.
Smith, Christopher, et al. “Current Fossil Fuel Infrastructure Does Not Yet Commit Us to 1.5°C Warming.” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019).
Stone, Peter. “‘Swampy Symbiosis’: Fossil Fuel Industry Has More Clout Than Ever Under Trump.” The Guardian, September 27, 2019.
Swanson, Ana, and Brad Plumer. “Trump Slaps Steep Tariffs on Foreign Washing Machines and Solar Products.” New York Times, January 22, 2018.
“The Trump Administration Is Reversing Nearly 100 Environmental Rules. Here’s the Full List.” New York Times, Last visited October 15, 2020.
Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn. “Vacancies, Acting Officials and the Waning Role of the U.S. Senate.” The Brookings Institute, September 24, 2020.
Tollefson, Jeff. “U.S. Government Disbands Climate-Science Advisory Committee.” Scientific American, April 21, 2017.
“Tracking How Many Key Positions Trump Has Filled So Far.” Washington Post.
Union of Concerned Scientists. “New UCS Report Tallies Attacks on Science in Trump Era Harming Public Health.” January 28, 2019.
US Department of Energy. “DOE Announces Intent to Provide $122M to Establish Coal Products Innovation Centers.” June 26, 2020.
US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. Extending Natural Gas Export Authorizations to Non-Free Trade Agreement Countries Through the Year 2050. 85 Fed. Reg. 52237. August 25, 2020.
US Department of the Interior. “Interior Announces Date for Largest Oil and Gas Lease Sale in U.S. History.” February 16, 2018.
US Department of the Interior. Sec. Order No. 3350. America-First Offshore Energy Strategy. May 1, 2017.
US Department of the Interior. “Secretary Bernhardt Signs Decision to Implement the Coastal Plain Oil and Gas Leasing Program in Alaska.” August 17, 2020.
US Department of the Interior. “Secretary Zinke Announces Largest Oil & Gas Lease Sale in U.S. History.” October 24, 2017.
US Department of the Interior. “Secretary Zinke Announces Plan For Unleashing America’s Offshore Oil and Gas Potential.” January 4, 2018.
US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 2019–2024 National Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing, Draft Proposed Program. January 2018.
US Environmental Protection Agency. “EPA Issues Final Policy and Technical Amendments to the New Source Performance Standards for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry.”
US Environmental Protection Agency. “EPA Takes Another Step to Advance President Trump’s America First Strategy, Proposes Repeal of ‘Clean Power Plan’.” October 10, 2017.
US Environmental Protection Agency. “FY 2018–2019 Office of Land and Emergency Management National Program Manager Guidance.” 540B17001. Sept. 29, 2017.
US Environmental Protection Agency. “FY 2020–2021 Office of Land and Emergency Management National Program Manager Guidance.” 500B19002. June 7, 2019.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources: Stay of Certain Requirements: Proposed Rule. 82 Fed. Reg. 27645. June 16, 2017.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New, Reconstructed, and Modified Sources Review: Final Rule. 85 Fed. Reg. 57018. September 14, 2020.
US Environmental Protection Agency. “Regulations for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Passenger Cars and Trucks.”
US Environmental Protection Agency. Repeal of the Clean Power Plan; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Existing Electric Utility Generating Units; Revisions to Emission Guidelines Implementing Regulations: Final Rule. 84 Fed. Reg. 32520. July 8, 2019.
US Environmental Protection Agency. “The Safer Affordable Fuel Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Proposed Rule for Model Years 2021–2026.”
US Environmental Protection Agency. Working Together: FY 2018–2022 U.S. EPA Strategic Plan. EPA-190-R-18–003. Washington, DC, February 2018.
US Global Change Research Program. Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. Washington, DC, 2017.
US Global Change Research Program. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Washington, DC, 2018.
US Government Accountability Office. Climate Information: A National System Could Help Federal, State, Local, and Private Sector Decision Makers Use Climate Information. GAO-16–37. Washington, DC, November 2015.
US Government Accountability Office. High-Risk Series: Substantial Efforts Needed to Achieve Greater Progress on High-Risk Areas. GAO-19–157SP. Washington, DC, March 6, 2019.
US Government Accountability Office. Social Cost of Carbon: Identifying a Federal Entity to Address the National Academies’ Recommendations Could Strengthen Regulatory Analysis. GAO-20-254. Washington, DC, June 2020.
Visser, Nick. “Interior Department Scrubs Climate Change From Agency Website. Again.” HuffPost, June 13, 2017.
Washington Post Editorial Board. “Pruitt and Perry Continue to Play Down Climate Change.” Washington Post, January 21, 2017.
Wheeler, Andrew. Memorandum to Assistant Administrators, Increasing Consistency and Transparency in Considering Benefits and Costs in the Rulemaking Process. May 13, 2019.
White House, The. “Energy & Environment.” Accessed August 6, 2018. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/energy-environment/.
White House, The. “President Donald J. Trump Is Unleashing American Energy Dominance.” May 14, 2019.
White House, The. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. December 2017.
Chapter 9
CONCLUSION
US Energy Information Administration. Monthly Energy Review April 2020. 2020.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Global Mean CO2 Mixing Ratios.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.
Gilfillan, D., G. Marland, T. Boden, and R. Andres. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Appalachian State University.
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